Radical chemistry in polymer science: an overview and recent advances

• Zixiao Wang,
• Feichen Cui,
• Yang Sui and
• Jiajun Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1580–1603, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.116

• polymerizations. Bicomponent initiating system (a) and unicomponent initiating system (b). Scheme 4 redrawn from [35]. Mechanism of a transition metal complex-mediated ATRP. Scheme 5 redrawn from [14]. Mechanism of RAFT polymerization. Scheme 6 redrawn from [68]. Degenerative transfer (a) and reversible

Photoredox catalysis harvesting multiple photon or electrochemical energies

• Mattia Lepori,
• Simon Schmid and
• Joshua P. Barham

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1055–1145, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.81

• -tolyl)-4,4’-bis(1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene))) as the first example of an earth-abundant transition metal complex capable of accumulating two photon energies via consecutive 2LMCT and 3MLCT excitations in an overall conPET mechanism [94]. Since iron-based photocatalysts generally suffer notoriously short

Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors

• Christopher G. Thomson,
• Ai-Lan Lee and
• Filipe Vilela

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1495–1549, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.125

• render large quantities of the material redundant. Overcoming these issues and producing efficient HPCats and reactors that can compete with transition metal complex photocatalysts has been described as one of the greatest challenges and opportunities in the field of photocatalysis [43][45][46]. This has

• to fuse samarium oxide nanoparticles to TiO2 and ceria (CeO2) as a bifunctional heterogeneous photoredox Lewis acid catalyst for reductive cyclisation reactions, previously reported with ruthenium transition metal complex photocatalysts [157]. Both electrochemical and photochemical deposition

Development of fluorinated benzils and bisbenzils as room-temperature phosphorescent molecules

• Shigeyuki Yamada,
• Takuya Higashida,
• Yizhou Wang,
• Masato Morita,
• Takuya Hosokai,
• Kaveendra Maduwantha,
• Kaveenga Rasika Koswattage and
• Tsutomu Konno

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1154–1162, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.102

• transition-metal-complex-based phosphores for biomedical and technological applications owing to their abundance and nontoxicity. This article discloses the design, synthesis, and photophysical properties of fluorinated benzil and bisbenzil derivatives as potential pure organic room-temperature

Formal preparation of regioregular and alternating thiophene–thiophene copolymers bearing different substituents

• Atsunori Mori,
• Keisuke Fujita,
• Chihiro Kubota,
• Toyoko Suzuki,
• Kentaro Okano,
• Takuya Matsumoto,
• Takashi Nishino and
• Masaki Horie

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 317–324, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.31

• head-to-tail (HT) orientation with respect to the substituent at the 3-position are extensively studied to date since they generally show superior performances as materials [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Cross-coupling polymerization catalyzed by a transition metal complex has been recognized as an effective tool

Naphthalene diimides with improved solubility for visible light photoredox catalysis

• Barbara Reiß and
• Hans-Achim Wagenknecht

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2043–2051, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.201

• light range between 520 nm and 640 nm. The irradiation by visible light together with the use of an organic dye instead of a transition metal complex as photoredox catalyst improve the sustainability and make photoredox catalysis “greener”. Keywords: chromophore; dyes; electrochemistry; photochemistry

• but also by their photophysical dynamics. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report on the usage of cNDIs as photoredox catalysts. The irradiation by visible light from LEDs as energy-saving light sources together with the use of an organic dye instead of a transition metal complex as

Complexation of a guanidinium-modified calixarene with diverse dyes and investigation of the corresponding photophysical response

• Yu-Ying Wang,
• Yong Kong,
• Zhe Zheng,
• Wen-Chao Geng,
• Zi-Yi Zhao,
• Hongwei Sun and
• Dong-Sheng Guo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1394–1406, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.139

• , higher spacial resolution and reduced photodamage of tissue [59]. The complexation of GC5A with the luminescent transition-metal complex Luminescent transition-metal complexes, especially those with ruthenium (Ru), are of great importance owing to their well-documented chemical stability, abundant

Mechanical stability of bivalent transition metal complexes analyzed by single-molecule force spectroscopy

• Manuel Gensler,
• Christian Eidamshaus,
• Maurice Taszarek,
• Hans-Ulrich Reissig and
• Jürgen P. Rabe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 817–827, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.91

• complex of 2b has already formed during a variable contact time between cantilever and sample. By retracting the sample from the cantilever, the same force is applied to the transition metal complex and the calibrated cantilever spring. Due to the finite size of a scanning force microscope (SFM

An integrated photocatalytic/enzymatic system for the reduction of CO₂ to methanol in bioglycerol–water

• Michele Aresta,
• Angela Dibenedetto,
• Tomasz Baran,
• Antonella Angelini,
• Przemysław Łabuz and
• Wojciech Macyk

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2556–2565, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.267

• . A key point in our approach was to demonstrate that the H+–e− transfer system (photocatalyst, transition metal complex) we designed had an ideal potential for e− transfer and could operate in combination with the H-donor and the enzyme to eventually convert CO2 into CH3OH. The success of this system

• to demonstrate whether the reduction is selective towards 1,4-NADH and no other isomers or if dimers were formed. The answer to this question was provided by using 1H and 13C NMR in connection with HPLC. The anionic pentafluorochromate-modified TiO2 coupled to the Rh(Ir)-transition metal complex

Preparation of phosphines through C–P bond formation

• Iris Wauters,
• Wouter Debrouwer and
• Christian V. Stevens

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1064–1096, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.106

• the past years has focused on the catalytic synthesis of phosphines [3][4]. The asymmetric catalytic synthesis of chiral phosphines has only recently emerged and is under full development. Chiral phosphines are interesting ligands for the preparation of transition metal complex catalysts for

Gold(I)-catalyzed enantioselective cycloaddition reactions

• Fernando López and
• José L. Mascareñas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2250–2264, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.264

• [5.3.0]decadiene and bicyclo[5.4.0]undecadiene skeletons 14 with good yields, complete diastereocontrol and excellent enantioselectivities (Scheme 10) [68]. The scope of this method, which constituted the first highly enantioselective intramolecular [4C + 3C] cycloaddition promoted by a transition metal

• complex, encompasses internally monosubstituted allenes, as well as disubstituted counterparts, offering a direct entry to 5,7 bicyclic systems including those with all-carbon quaternary stereocenters at the ring fusion. In contrast to the intramolecular counterpart, gold-catalyzed intermolecular

Palladium(II)-catalyzed Heck reaction of aryl halides and arylboronic acids with olefins under mild conditions

• Tanveer Mahamadali Shaikh and
• Fung-E Hong

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1578–1588, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.180

• tautomerization, which generates a less stable phosphinous acid (RR'POH) species. Subsequently, its coordination to the metal center through the phosphorus atom forms a phosphinous acid–metal complex [54][55][56]. Thus, the resulting transition-metal complex might function as an active catalyst in various C–C

Metal-free aerobic oxidations mediated by N-hydroxyphthalimide. A concise review

• Lucio Melone and
• Carlo Punta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1296–1310, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.146

• of the dihydroperoxide oxidation product, gave the corresponding 2,6-naphthalenediol in 92% yield (Scheme 3) [16]. As expected, the replacement of AIBN with a transition-metal complex (Co(OAc)2) resulted in a collapse of selectivity due to the redox decomposition of the hydroperoxides. This catalytic

Synthesis and structure of tricarbonyl(η⁶-arene)chromium complexes of phenyl and benzyl D-glycopyranosides

• Thomas Ziegler and
• Ulrich Heber

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1059–1070, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.118

• hydrogen bonds. Keywords: aryl glycosides; carbohydrates; transition-metal complex; tricarbonyl(arene)chromium; Introduction In 1957, Fischer and Öfele published the preparation of tricarbonyl(η6-benzene)chromium, which was the first arene tricarbonylchromium complex [1]. Since then, a plethora of

Efficient and selective chemical transformations under flow conditions: The combination of supported catalysts and supercritical fluids

• M. Isabel Burguete,
• Eduardo García-Verdugo and
• Santiago V. Luis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1347–1359, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.159

• catalytic turnovers. A high catalytic efficiency was achieved with this system, reaching a TON value over 100,000 for the chiral transition metal complex, and a productivity of >150 kg product/g of Rh. The system operated with a space time yield (STY) of 0.3 kg·L−1 × h. Besides, the catalyst leaching was

Tandem catalysis of ring-closing metathesis/atom transfer radical reactions with homobimetallic ruthenium–arene complexes

• Yannick Borguet,
• Xavier Sauvage,
• Guillermo Zaragoza,
• Albert Demonceau and
• Lionel Delaude

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 1167–1173, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.133

• (Table 1, entry 1). This experiment confirmed the necessity of mediating the transformation of 5 into 6 with a transition metal complex. Unlike the Grubbs benzylidene catalyst 3, bimetallic compound 1 was an efficient catalyst precursor for this reaction (Table 1, entries 2 and 4). Opstal and Verpoort